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Oct 22 min read

Singapore's Four National Taps: A Blueprint for Water Security

By Asiya Siddiqui


Singapore, an island city-state with limited natural water resources, has developed a comprehensive strategy known as the Four National Taps to ensure a reliable water supply for its citizens. This multi-pronged approach leverages diverse water sources and innovative technologies, securing the country's water future despite its geographical and climatic challenges. The Four National Taps include water from local catchments, imported water, NEWater, and desalinated water. 





First National Tap: Water from Local Catchment

The first pillar of Singapore's water strategy is local catchment water, primarily sourced from rainwater. The island's extensive network of reservoirs and drainage systems collects and channels rainwater into 17 reservoirs, which make up about two-thirds of Singapore's land area. The efficient management of stormwater is crucial for maximizing the collection and storage of this precious resource.


An essential component of this strategy is the Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters program. This initiative aims to improve the quality and quantity of stormwater by transforming utilitarian drains, canals, and reservoirs into beautiful and clean streams, rivers, and lakes. These enhanced waterways capture and store more water, and provide recreational spaces for the public, contributing to the city's overall quality of life.


Second National Tap: Imported Water

Singapore has long relied on imported water, particularly from neighboring Malaysia, to supplement its water supply. Under the 1962 Johor River Water Agreement, Singapore can draw up to 250 million gallons of water per day from the Johor River. While this agreement remains a critical component of Singapore's water strategy, the city-state has actively sought to reduce its dependency on external sources through alternative water supplies.


Third National Tap: NEWater

NEWater represents a significant technological advancement in Singapore's water management. This high-grade reclaimed water is produced by treating used water through advanced purification processes, including microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The result is ultra-clean water that meets international standards for potable use.


Since its introduction in 2003, NEWater has played an increasingly vital role in Singapore's water supply. Currently, it meets 30% of the nation's water demand, with plans to increase this contribution to up to 50% by 2060. NEWater enhances water security and serves as a symbol of Singapore's commitment to innovation and sustainability.


Fourth National Tap: Desalinated Water

Given its coastal geography, Singapore has also turned to seawater desalination as a reliable source of freshwater. The country operates three desalination plants, with a fourth scheduled for completion soon. These facilities utilize reverse osmosis technology to remove salt and impurities from seawater, producing potable water that meets stringent safety standards.


Desalinated water is a key component of Singapore's water resilience strategy, particularly during dry spells when local catchment and imported water may be insufficient. The government's continued investment in desalination technology reflects its commitment to maintaining a diverse and robust water supply.


A Sustainable Future

The Four National Taps strategy is more than just a water supply plan; it embodies Singapore's vision for sustainable water management. Singapore has transformed its water landscape from vulnerability to resilience through initiatives like the ABC Waters program and continuous technological advancements. The nation's proactive approach serves as a model for other countries facing similar challenges. With innovation, collaboration, and commitment, even the most water-scarce regions can secure their water future.


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